Wahalar silage ya bambanta saboda nau'ikan tsire-tsire daban-daban, matakin girma da tsarin sinadaran. Don albarkatun tsire-tsire waɗanda ke da wahalar silage (ƙananan abun ciki na carbohydrate, babban abun ciki na ruwa, babban buffering), ana iya amfani da silage mai bushewa, gauraye da silage ko ƙari silage gabaɗaya.
Bugu da ƙari na methyl (ant) acid silage shine hanyar da aka yi amfani da shi sosai na silage acid a ƙasashen waje. An ƙara kusan silage 70 na Norwayformic acid, Ƙasar Ingila tun 1968 kuma ana amfani da ita sosai, adadin sa shine 2.85 kg kowace ton na silage albarkatun da aka kara.85 formic acid, Amurka kowace ton na silage albarkatun kasa ya kara 90 formic acid 4.53 kg. Hakika, adadinformic acidYa bambanta da maida hankalinsa, wahalar silage da manufar silage, kuma adadin ƙarin shine gabaɗaya 0.3 zuwa 0.5 na nauyin silage albarkatun ƙasa, ko 2 zuwa 4ml/kg.
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Formic acid acid ne mai karfi a cikin kwayoyin acid, kuma yana da karfin ragewa mai karfi, samfurin coking ne. Bugu da kari naformic acid yana da kyau fiye da ƙari na inorganic acid kamar H2SO4 da HCl, saboda inorganic acid yana da tasirin acidification kawai, kuma formic acid ba zai iya rage ƙimar pH kawai na silage ba, har ma yana hana numfashi na shuka da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta (Clostridium, bacillus da wasu ƙwayoyin gram-korau) fermentation. Bugu da kari,formic acid za a iya bazuwa cikin CO2 mara guba da CH4 a cikin dabbobi a lokacin silage da rumen narkewa, daformic acid ita kanta ana iya shanyewa da amfani da ita. Silage da aka yi da formic acid yana da launin kore mai haske, ƙamshi da inganci mai kyau, kuma asarar lalacewar furotin shine kawai 0.3 ~ 0.5, yayin da a cikin silage gabaɗaya har zuwa 1.1 ~ 1.3. A sakamakon ƙara formic acid zuwa alfalfa da clover silage, da danyen fiber da aka rage da 5.2 ~ 6.4, da kuma rage danyen fiber da aka hydrolyzed a cikin oligosaccharides, wanda za a iya sha da kuma amfani da dabbobi, yayin da general danyen fiber ne kawai rage. ta 1.1 ~ 1.3. Bugu da kari, ƙaraformic acidto silage iya sa asarar carotene, bitamin C, alli, phosphorus da sauran na gina jiki kasa da talakawa silage.
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2.1 Tasirin formic acid akan pH
Ko da yakeformic acid shine mafi yawan acidic na dangin fatty acid, yana da rauni sosai fiye da inorganic acid da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin tsarin AIV. Don rage pH na amfanin gona zuwa ƙasa da 4.0,formic acid gabaɗaya ba a amfani da shi da yawa. Bugu da ƙari na formic acid zai iya rage ƙimar pH da sauri a matakin farko na silage, amma yana da tasiri daban-daban akan ƙimar pH na ƙarshe na silage. Matsayin wandaformic acid canje-canjen pH kuma yana shafar abubuwa da yawa. Adadin kwayoyin lactic acid (LAB) ya ragu da rabi kuma pH na silage ya karu kadan ta ƙara85 formic acid4ml/kg zuwa silage na abinci. Yaushe formic acid (5ml/kg) an ƙara zuwa silage na abinci, LAB ya ragu da 55 kuma pH ya ƙaru daga 3.70 zuwa 3.91. Tasirin al'ada naformic acid akan silage albarkatun kasa tare da ƙarancin ruwa mai narkewa carbohydrates (WSC) abun ciki. A cikin wannan binciken, sun bi da silage na alfalfa tare da ƙananan (1.5ml/kg), matsakaici (3.0ml/kg), da matakan girma (6.0ml/kg).85 formic acid. Sakamakon pH ya kasance ƙasa da na ƙungiyar kulawa, amma tare da haɓakarformic acidmaida hankali, pH ya ragu daga 5.35 zuwa 4.20. Don ƙarin kayan amfanin gona, irin su ciyawa na leguminous, ana buƙatar ƙarin acid don kawo pH zuwa matakin da ake so. An ba da shawarar cewa matakin da ya dace na amfani da alfalfa shine 5 ~ 6ml / kg.
2.2 Tasirinformic acid a kan microflora
Kamar sauran m acid, da antibacterial sakamako naformic acid yana da tasiri guda biyu, ɗayan shine tasirin maida hankali na hydrogen ion, ɗayan kuma shine zaɓin acid marasa kyauta ga ƙwayoyin cuta. A cikin jerin fatty acid iri ɗaya, ƙaddamarwar hydrogen ion yana raguwa tare da karuwar nauyin kwayoyin halitta, amma tasirin ƙwayoyin cuta yana ƙaruwa, kuma wannan dukiya na iya tashi aƙalla zuwa C12 acid. An ƙaddara cewaformic acid yana da mafi kyawun tasiri akan hana haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta lokacin da ƙimar pH ta kasance 4. Dabarar farantin gangara ta auna aikin antimicrobial naformic acid, kuma ya gano cewa zaɓaɓɓun nau'ikan Pediococcus da Streptococcus duk an hana su.formic acid4.5ml/kg. Koyaya, ba a hana lactobacilli (L. Buchneri L. Cesei da L. platarum) gaba ɗaya ba. Bugu da kari, nau'in Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilis, da B. Brevis sun sami damar girma a cikin 4.5ml/kg na formic acid. Bugu da kari na 85 formic acid(4ml/kg) da 50 sulfuric acid (3ml/kg), bi da bi, sun rage pH na silage zuwa irin wannan matakan, kuma sun gano cewa formic acid ya hana aikin LAB (66g/kgDM a cikin ƙungiyar formic acid, 122 a cikin ƙungiyar kulawa). , 102 a cikin rukuni na sulfuric acid), don haka kiyaye babban adadin WSC (211g / kg a cikin ƙungiyar formic acid, 12 a cikin ƙungiyar kulawa, 12 a cikin rukunin acid). Rukunin sulfuric acid shine 64), wanda zai iya samar da wasu ƙarin hanyoyin makamashi don haɓakar ƙwayoyin rumen. Yisti suna da haƙuri na musamman donformic acid, kuma an samo adadi mai yawa na waɗannan kwayoyin halitta a cikin albarkatun silage da aka bi da su tare da matakan da aka ba da shawararformic acid. Kasancewa da aiki na yisti a cikin silage ba a so. A ƙarƙashin yanayin anaerobic, yisti yana haɓaka sukari don samun kuzari, samar da ethanol da rage busassun kwayoyin halitta.Formic acid yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci na hanawa akan Clostridium difficile da ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji, amma ƙarfin tasirin ya dogara da yawan adadin acid da aka yi amfani da shi, da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta.formic acid a zahiri inganta ci gaban wasu heterobacteria. A cikin sharuddan hana enterobacter, ƙari naformic acid rage pH, amma adadin enterobacter ba za a iya rage ba, amma saurin girma na kwayoyin lactic acid ya hana enterobacter, saboda sakamakon sakamakon.formic acid akan enterobacter ya kasance ƙasa da na kwayoyin lactic acid. Sun lura cewa matsakaicin matakan (3 zuwa 4ml/kg) naformic acid na iya hana kwayoyin lactic acid fiye da enterobacter, yana haifar da mummunan tasiri akan fermentation; Dan kadan sama formic acid Matakan sun hana duka Lactobacillus da enterobacter. Ta hanyar nazarin ryegrass perennial tare da abun ciki na 360g / kg DM, an gano cewaformic acid (3.5g/kg) zai iya rage yawan adadin ƙwayoyin cuta, amma yana da ɗan tasiri akan ayyukan ƙwayoyin lactic acid. Manyan dauren alfalfa (DM 25, DM 35, DM 40) silage an bi da su tare da formic acid (4.0 ml/kg, 8.0ml/kg). An shafe silage tare da clostridium da Aspergillus flavus. Bayan kwana 120.formic acid ba shi da tasiri a kan adadin clostridium, amma yana da cikakken hanawa akan na ƙarshe.Formic acid Hakanan yana ƙarfafa haɓakar ƙwayoyin fusarium.
2.3 TasirinFormic acida kan silage abun da ke ciki Sakamakonformic acid akan silage sinadaran abun da ke ciki ya bambanta da matakin aikace-aikacen, nau'in shuka, matakin girma, DM da abun ciki na WSC, da tsarin silage.
A cikin kayan da aka girbe tare da flail sarkar, ƙanananformic acid Jiyya ba ta da tasiri sosai a kan Clostridium, wanda ke hana rushewar sunadaran, kuma manyan matakan formic acid ne kawai za a iya kiyaye su yadda ya kamata. Tare da kayan yankakken yankakken, duk silage na formic acid ana kiyaye su da kyau. Abubuwan da ke cikin DM, nitrogen protein da lactic acid a cikiformic acidkungiyar da aka ƙara, yayin da abinda ke ciki naacetic acid kuma an rage ammonia nitrogen. Tare da karuwa naformic acid maida hankali,acetic acid kuma lactic acid ya ragu, WSC da nitrogen na gina jiki sun karu. Yausheformic acid (4.5ml / kg) an ƙara shi zuwa silage alfalfa, idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyar kulawa, abun ciki na lactic acid ya ragu kadan, sukari mai narkewa ya karu, kuma sauran abubuwan ba su canza ba. Yaushe formic acid An kara da shi a cikin amfanin gona mai wadata a WSC, fermentation na lactic acid ya mamaye kuma an adana silage da kyau.Formic acid iyakance samar daacetic acid da lactic acid da kuma kiyaye WSC. Yi amfani da matakan 6 (0, 0.4, 1.0,. Ryegrass-clover silage tare da abun ciki na DM na 203g/kg an bi da shi tare daformic acid (85)na 2.0, 4.1, 7.7ml/kg. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa WSC ya karu tare da karuwar matakin formic acid, ammonia nitrogen da acetic acid akasin haka, kuma abun ciki na lactic acid ya karu da farko sannan ya ragu. Bugu da kari, binciken ya kuma gano cewa lokacin da manyan matakan (4.1 da 7.7ml/kg) naformic acid an yi amfani da su, abun ciki na WSC a cikin silage shine 211 da 250g/kgDM, bi da bi, wanda ya zarce WSC na farko na albarkatun silage (199g/kgDM). An yi la'akari da cewa dalilin zai iya zama hydrolysis na polysaccharides a lokacin ajiya. Sakamakon lactic acid,acetic acid da ammonia nitrogen na silage a cikiformic acidƙungiyar sun ɗan yi ƙasa kaɗan fiye da waɗanda ke cikin rukunin sarrafawa, amma ba su da ɗan tasiri akan sauran abubuwan. Dukan sha'ir da masara da aka girbe a matakin kakin zuma an bi da su tare da formic acid 85 (0, 2.5, 4.0, 5.5mlkg-1), kuma abun ciki mai narkewa na masara ya karu sosai, yayin da abun ciki na lactic acid, acetic acid da ammonia nitrogen an rage. Abubuwan da ke cikin lactic acid a cikin silage sha'ir sun ragu sosai, ammonia nitrogen daacetic acid Hakanan ya ragu, amma ba a fili ba, kuma sukari mai narkewa ya karu.
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Gwajin ya tabbatar da cewa ƙari na formic acidsilage ya kasance mai fa'ida don inganta ci abinci na son rai na busasshen busasshen silage da aikin dabbobi. Ƙaraformic acidsilage kai tsaye bayan girbi na iya ƙara haɓakar bayyanar kwayoyin halitta 7, yayin da wilting silage kawai yana ƙaruwa 2. Lokacin da aka yi la'akari da makamashin makamashi, maganin formic acid yana inganta ta ƙasa da 2. Bayan gwaje-gwaje masu yawa, an yi imanin cewa bayanan na kwayoyin narkewa yana nuna son zuciya saboda asarar fermentation. Gwajin ciyarwar ya kuma nuna cewa yawan nauyin dabbobi ya kai 71 sannan na wilting silage ya kai 27. Bugu da kari, silage na formic acid yana inganta samar da madara2. Gwaje-gwajen ciyar da ciyawa da ciyawa da kuma formic acid da aka shirya tare da kayan abinci iri ɗaya sun nuna cewa silage na iya ƙara yawan nonon shanun kiwo. Yawan karuwar aikin a cikinformic acid magani ya kasance ƙasa a cikin samar da madara fiye da karuwar nauyi. Ƙara isasshen adadin formic acid zuwa tsire-tsire masu wahala (kamar ciyawa ta ƙafar kaji, alfalfa) yana da tasiri a zahiri akan aikin dabbobi. Sakamakonformic acid jiyya na alfalfa silage (3.63 ~ 4.8ml / kg) ya nuna cewa kwayoyin narkewa, busassun busassun busassun abinci da kuma samun yau da kullum na formic acid silage a cikin shanu da tumaki sun kasance mafi girma fiye da wadanda ke cikin rukuni.
Ribar tumaki na yau da kullun a cikin rukunin kulawa har ma ya nuna haɓaka mara kyau. Ƙarin formic acid zuwa shuke-shuke masu wadata na WSC tare da matsakaicin abun ciki na DM (190-220g / kg) yawanci yana da ɗan tasiri akan aikin dabbobi. Ryegrass silage tare da formic acid (2.6ml/kg) an gudanar da gwajin ciyarwa. Ko da yakeformic acid silage ya karu da nauyin nauyin 11 idan aka kwatanta da sarrafawa, bambancin ba shi da mahimmanci. Narkar da silage biyu da aka auna cikin tumaki ya kasance iri ɗaya sosai. Ciyar da silage masara ga shanun kiwo ya nuna hakaformic aciddan kadan ya kara yawan busasshen kwayoyin silage, amma ba shi da wani tasiri akan samar da madara. Akwai ƙananan bayanai game da amfani da makamashiformic acid silage. A cikin gwajin tumaki, yawan kuzarin da ake iya sarrafa busasshen busasshen busasshen busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun makamashin da za a iya sarrafa makamashin da za a iya sarrafa makamashin makamashin da za a iya sarrafa shi ya fi na ciyawa da ciyawa da aka girbe a lokutan girma uku. Gwaje-gwajen kwatankwacin darajar makamashi tare da hay da silage na formic acid sun nuna babu bambanci a cikin ingancin canza makamashin rayuwa zuwa makamashi mai amfani. Ƙara formic acid zuwa ciyawa na abinci zai iya taimakawa wajen kare furotin.
Sakamakon ya nuna cewa maganin ciyawa da alfalfa na formic acid na iya inganta amfani da nitrogen a cikin silage, amma ba shi da wani tasiri mai mahimmanci akan narkewa. Adadin raguwar ƙarancin nitrogen da aka yi wa magani tare da formic acid a cikin rumen ya kai kusan 50 ~ 60% na jimlar nitrogen.
Ana iya ganin cewa ƙarfi da ingancin silage na formic acid a cikin rumen kira na thallus sunadaran sun ragu. Matsakaicin raguwar raguwar busassun kwayoyin halitta a cikin rumen an inganta sosai tare daformic acid silage. Ko da yake silage na acid acid na iya rage samar da ammonia, yana iya rage narkewar sunadaran a cikin rumen da hanji.
4. Mixing sakamako na formic acid tare da wasu samfurori
4.1Formic acid da formaldehyde suna haɗuwa a cikin samarwa, da formic acidkawai ana amfani da shi don maganin silage, wanda yake da tsada da lalata; An rage narkewar abinci da busassun busassun busassun dabbobi lokacin da aka bi da silage tare da babban taro formic acid. Ƙarƙashin ƙwayar formic acid yana ƙarfafa ci gaban clostridium. An yi imani da cewa haɗuwa da formic acid da formaldehyde tare da ƙananan hankali yana da tasiri mafi kyau. Formic acid galibi yana aiki azaman mai hana fermentation, yayin da formaldehyde yana kare sunadaran daga lalacewa da yawa a cikin rumen.
Idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyar kulawa, ana samun karuwar yau da kullun da 67 kuma an ƙara yawan nonon madara ta ƙara formic acid da formaldehyde. Hinks et al. (1980) gudanar da cakuda rygrassformic acid silage (3.14g / kg) da kuma formic acid (2.86g / kg) -formaldehyde (1.44g / kg), da kuma auna digestibility na silage tare da tumaki, da kuma gudanar ciyar da gwaje-gwajen da girma da shanu. Sakamako Akwai ɗan bambanci a cikin narkewar abinci tsakanin nau'ikan silage guda biyu, amma makamashin da ake iya daidaitawa na formic-formaldehyde silage ya fi girma fiye daformic acid silage kadai. Yawan kuzarin da ake iya daidaitawa da kuma samun yau da kullun na formic-formaldehyde silage ya fi girma sosai formic acid silage kadai lokacin da aka ciyar da shanun silage kuma an ƙara sha'ir da 1.5 kg kowace rana. Gauraye ƙari mai ɗauke da kusan 2.8ml/kg naformic acid kuma ƙananan matakin formaldehyde (kimanin 19g/kg na furotin) na iya zama mafi kyawun haɗin kai a cikin amfanin gonakin kiwo.
4.2Formic acid gauraye da kwayoyin halitta hade daformic acid da kuma nazarin halittu Additives iya muhimmanci inganta sinadirai abun da ke ciki na silage. An yi amfani da ciyawa Cattail (DM 17.2) azaman albarkatun ƙasa, an ƙara formic acid da lactobacillus don silage. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa kwayoyin lactic acid sun samar da yawa a farkon matakin silage, wanda ke da tasiri mai kyau akan hana fermentation na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. A lokaci guda, abun ciki na lactic acid na ƙarshe na silage ya fi girma fiye da na silage na yau da kullun da silage na formic acid, matakin lactic acid ya karu da 50 ~ 90, yayin da abubuwan da ke cikin propyl, butyric acid da ammonia nitrogen sun ragu sosai. . Matsakaicin lactic acid zuwa acetic acid (L/A) ya karu sosai, yana nuna cewa ƙwayoyin lactic acid sun haɓaka matakin haifuwa iri ɗaya yayin silage.
5 Takaitawa
Ana iya gani daga sama cewa adadin da ya dace na formic acid a cikin silage yana da alaƙa da nau'in amfanin gona da lokutan girbi daban-daban. Bugu da ƙari na formic acid yana rage pH, abun ciki na nitrogen ammonia, kuma yana riƙe da karin sukari mai narkewa. Duk da haka, tasirin ƙarawaformic acida kan narkewar kwayoyin halitta da kuma samar da aikin dabbobi ya rage don a kara nazari.
Lokacin aikawa: Yuni-06-2024